Hairiness --> An overgrowth of the normal projections on the top of the tongue (villi) can give it a hairy appearance. The tongue may also appear hairy after a fever, after antibiotic treatment, or when peroxide mouthwash is used too often. These "hairs" on the top of the tongue should not be confused with hairy leukoplakia. Hairy leukoplakia forms on the side of the tongue and is characteristic of AIDS
Discoloration -->The tongue's villi may become discolored if a person smokes or chews tobacco, eats certain foods, or has colored bacteria growing on the tongue.Iron deficiency anemia may make the tongue look pale and smooth.The first sign of scarlet fever may be a change from the tongue's normal color to a strawberry, and then raspberry, color. A strawberry-red tongue in a young child may also be a sign of Kawasaki disease. A smooth red tongue and painful mouth may indicate pellagra, a type of malnutrition caused by a deficiency of niacin (vitamin B3) in the diet. A red tongue may also be inflamed (glossitis)—the tongue is red, painful, and swollen.Whitish patches, similar to those sometimes found inside the cheeks, may accompany fever, dehydration, the second stage of syphilis, thrush, lichen planus, leukoplakia, or mouth breathing.
Sores and bumps -->Sores on the tongue can be caused by allergic reactions, oral herpes simplex virus infection, canker sores, tuberculosis, bacterial infections, or early-stage syphilis. Sores can also be caused by allergies or other immune system disorders. A bump on only one side may be cancerous.Cancer almost never appears on the top of the tongue, except when the cancer occurs after untreated syphilis.
Discomfort --> Tongue discomfort can result from irritation by certain foods, especially acidic onesor by certain ingredients in toothpaste, mouthwash, candy, or gum.
Wednesday, April 8, 2009
Sensory Organs - The Tongue
Facts About The Tongue
-tongue is able to move in nearly every direction, expand, compress and display a fine degree of articulation
-tongue and its muscles are laterally symmetrical: a median septum divides the organ into two halves
- tongue is made up of two types of muscles: extrinsic and intrinsic
-genioglossus depresses the tongue and thrusts it out, the styloglossus raises and withdraws the tongue, palatoglossus raises its back,and the hyoglossus lowers the tongue's sides
-intrinsic muscles originate within the tongue and allow it to expand and contract, altering its shape and size
- intrinsic muscles (which include the longitudinalis superior, longitudinalis inferior, transversus linguae and verticalis linguae) are especially important for speech and deglutition or swallowing food
-double-layered membrane helps block microbes and pathogens from entering the digestive system and other body cavities that come into contact with the outside
-epithelial layer of the mucous membrane secretes mucus that helps moisten the mouth and food
- important function of the tongue is taste sensation, which is derived from taste receptors cells located in clusters within taste buds on the surface of the tongue
-humans there may be anywhere from 50 to 150 taste receptors cells within an individual taste bud. Taste buds are innervated by nerves that respond to chemicals from food in solution, thereby providing the sensation of taste
-five fundamental taste sensations: salty, sweet, sour (acid), bitter, and umami, which represents the taste of amino acids
-disorders to which the tongue is subject are cancer, leukplakia(white patches), fungus infection, congenital defects, and a variety of symptoms caused by disease elsewhere in the body
-
-tongue is able to move in nearly every direction, expand, compress and display a fine degree of articulation
-tongue and its muscles are laterally symmetrical: a median septum divides the organ into two halves
- tongue is made up of two types of muscles: extrinsic and intrinsic
-genioglossus depresses the tongue and thrusts it out, the styloglossus raises and withdraws the tongue, palatoglossus raises its back,and the hyoglossus lowers the tongue's sides
-intrinsic muscles originate within the tongue and allow it to expand and contract, altering its shape and size
- intrinsic muscles (which include the longitudinalis superior, longitudinalis inferior, transversus linguae and verticalis linguae) are especially important for speech and deglutition or swallowing food
-double-layered membrane helps block microbes and pathogens from entering the digestive system and other body cavities that come into contact with the outside
-epithelial layer of the mucous membrane secretes mucus that helps moisten the mouth and food
- important function of the tongue is taste sensation, which is derived from taste receptors cells located in clusters within taste buds on the surface of the tongue
-humans there may be anywhere from 50 to 150 taste receptors cells within an individual taste bud. Taste buds are innervated by nerves that respond to chemicals from food in solution, thereby providing the sensation of taste
-five fundamental taste sensations: salty, sweet, sour (acid), bitter, and umami, which represents the taste of amino acids
-disorders to which the tongue is subject are cancer, leukplakia(white patches), fungus infection, congenital defects, and a variety of symptoms caused by disease elsewhere in the body
-
Monday, March 23, 2009
Chapter Seven Nervous System Objectives
List two important functions of the spinal cord (number 17)
- The spinal cord provides a two way conduction path to and from the brain, and also is a major reflex center.
Name the four major plexuses, give the major nerves of each, and describe their distribution (number 23)
1- Cervical (major nerve - phrenic) serves the diaphragm and the muscles of the shoulder, if damaged respiratory paralysis or death
2- Brachial (major nerves axiallary, radial, median, musculocutaneous, ulnar) serves the muscles of the arm and hands (deltiod, triceps and extensor mucles of forearm, flexor muscles of forearm, flexor muscles of the arm, wrist and hand muscles respectivily)
3- Lumbar (major nerves femoral, obturator) serves lower abdomen, buttocks, anterior thighs, and adductor muscles of the medial thigh and small of hip muscles.
4- Sacral (major nerves sciatic, superior and inferior gluteal) serves the lower trunk and posterior surface of the thigh later and postier aspect of the leg and foot and gluteus muscles of the hip
- The spinal cord provides a two way conduction path to and from the brain, and also is a major reflex center.
Name the four major plexuses, give the major nerves of each, and describe their distribution (number 23)
1- Cervical (major nerve - phrenic) serves the diaphragm and the muscles of the shoulder, if damaged respiratory paralysis or death
2- Brachial (major nerves axiallary, radial, median, musculocutaneous, ulnar) serves the muscles of the arm and hands (deltiod, triceps and extensor mucles of forearm, flexor muscles of forearm, flexor muscles of the arm, wrist and hand muscles respectivily)
3- Lumbar (major nerves femoral, obturator) serves lower abdomen, buttocks, anterior thighs, and adductor muscles of the medial thigh and small of hip muscles.
4- Sacral (major nerves sciatic, superior and inferior gluteal) serves the lower trunk and posterior surface of the thigh later and postier aspect of the leg and foot and gluteus muscles of the hip
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